5,134 papers were identified after searching online databases including CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, EconLit, AMED, and Business Source Premier. Financial stress has been proposed as an economic determinant of depression. deprese. A systematic review of published literature was conducted using online searches on bibliographic databases. The broad strategy was to combine terms related to finances, with terms related to depression, and terms related to the unit of analysis (individual, household etc). For example, Richardson et al. Even if you have financial limitations, there are ways you may be able to meet with a therapist. Patel et al.’s review concluded that a higher level of income inequality at the neighbourhood level was strongly associated with a higher risk of depression [61]. Evidence has suggested that a significant life event or experience, for example, job loss, is associated with financial stress and thereby can predict subsequent major depression [74]. In the same way you’d see a doctor if you were having physical pain, a mental health pro can help you work through emotional and psychological pain. The intertemporal relationship between individual or household income and depression was investigated in three longitudinal studies [20, 34, 58]. The strength of the relationship between wealth and depression varies according to the level of wealth at baseline [58]. Relationship between debt and depression, anxiety, stress, or suicide ideation in Asia: A systematic review. The quality of the included studies was assessed using an adapted version of the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies used in Glonti et al. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Yes The signs of the relationship between financial stress and depression in different age subgroups do not show a significant difference. Conceptualization, For example, providing financial counselling services and financial education to those who have debt stress and depression may help them to effectively deal with individual debt problems and associated depression. In other words, current financial hardship mattered the most for current depressive symptoms. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Depression is a mood condition characterized by persistent and overwhelming feelings of sadness that can affect your day-to-day activities and how you think, feel, and behave. Eight studies were able to be rated on withdrawals and drop-outs: two of them were rated as “strong”, four achieved a “moderate” rating and one received a “weak” rating. Coping with Depression When you're depressed, you can't just will yourself to "snap out of it." But these coping strategies can help you deal with depression and put you on the road to recovery. Additionally, the association between pension income and depressive symptoms in older adults were more pronounced among lower-income groups [43]. A similar association between adverse childhood financial situation and adults’ depression was also found in a longitudinal study [47]. Research in 2013 found that people with a higher amount of debt self . Second, this review finds that the majority of the existing studies on the financial stress-depression relationship are based on high-income countries. A 2018 study suggests certain symptoms are more common among people with severe . If your body and mind are fatigued, you’re feeling hopeless, and you can barely get out of bed, dealing with money issues is going to seem impossible. These were included only if the association related to individual or household finances were reported and explained individually; (5) studies based on overall mental health, or other types of mental disorders (e.g., anxiety, suicide, self-harm, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia) where the association between household financial stress and depression was not reported and explained independently. 29 (72.5%), and 11 (27.5%) studies were rated as methodologically strong [6, 13–16, 20, 26–28, 30, 31, 34, 37–53] and moderate [29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 54–59], respectively. Consistent with this, Butterworth et al. There’s a misconception that people in debt got there because of reckless spending or living beyond their means — but that isn’t always true. Yes [24]. Yes Objective indicators of financial stress might have an indirect effect on depression, which is mediated by the individual’s perception of those objective indicators as resulting in financial stress. Die Assetmärkte sind aber nicht nachfragewirksam, tragen somit nicht dazu bei, dass der Kapitalmarkt ausgeglichen wird (also dass gilt: Ersparnisse = Investitionen) und daher ist es wichtig für die Zentralbank, die Inflation auf dem Gütermarkt als die Inflation anzusehen, nach der sie ihre Geldpolitik ausrichten sollte. Osafo et al. Depression may also be called major depressive disorder or clinical depression. Medication, therapy, brain stimulation techniques, or self-help strategies could work for you. Some of the reviewed studies have suggested a positive association between debt and depression despite the substantial heterogeneity in definitions and measurements of debt, study methods, study contexts, and targeted population. The study selection process and reasons for study exclusions were recorded in a flow chart shown in Fig 1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264041.g001. These tips may help make therapy more affordable. Unemployment rose higher in three months of COVID-19 than it did in two years of the Great Recession. Guilt and worthlessness: Depression can affect self-image and self-esteem, making a person feel guilty or worthless. Many social and economic determinants of depression have been identified. Die Kritik dieser Sichtweise betont, dass Investoren (also Kapitalnachfrager) dann ja gegenüber den Sparern so bevorteilt werden, dass ein Boom bei der Nachfrage nach Investitionsgütern ausgelöst werden müsste. Age was the most analysed moderator of the association between financial hardship and depressive symptoms among the reviewed studies. být finančně dobře zajištěný finanziell gut gestellt sein. The gender difference of the association between perceived financial strain and depression was examined in two studies and no statistical difference between females and males was observed, though women tended to report worse depression [36, 44]. The unemployment rate skyrocketed up from under 4% in February 2020 to 14.4% in April 2020. We found that 15 studies (37.5%) had a low risk while 25 (62.5%) had a moderate risk of confounding bias. Seeking medical help as soon as you have symptoms is essential. Furthermore, the reviewed studies showed that the effect of past financial hardship on depressive symptoms decayed with time. Aber auch Krankheit kann finanziell belasten. The only longitudinal evidence on relative income and relative wealth suggests a stronger relationship between relative income or relative wealth and depressive symptoms than that between absolute income or wealth and depression. The intertemporal association between subjective financial strain and depression was reported in two studies [44, 59]. Firstly, as highlighted in the introduction, the effects of financial stress on depression can be explained by social causation theory. found that individuals with lower levels of household income faced an increased risk of depression compared to those with higher levels of household income [34]. A depression is a dramatic and sustained downturn in economic activity, with symptoms including a sharp fall in economic growth, employment, and production. Financial Depression and Anxiety. Evidence shows that mental problems might increase expenditure on healthcare, reduce productivity, and lead to unemployment, as well as be associated with social stigma, all of which are related to lower levels of income [18, 65, 70]. Depression is a leading cause of disability and poor health worldwide [1] and is expected to rank first worldwide by 2030 [2]. No time restriction was added to the search. Hojman et al. Podcast: Panicked Over Finances? Over time, fatigue and despair can set in, and debt can begin to affect your mental health. The cost of therapy may stop some people from getting the help they need. and Mirowsky and Ross reported different results [15, 39]. Additionally, they found that those who were not over-indebted, regardless of the previous debt status, did not experience a worsening in depression, showing that the effect of over-indebtedness on depressive symptoms faded away as the debt levels decreased [46]. 40 articles were finally identified for the data extraction. The reference lists of the eligible studies and several relevant review papers were checked manually to supplement the main electronic searching. Having financial problems can increase depression — and when you have depression, it can be incredibly challenging to focus on budgeting or taking the necessary steps toward shaving your spending. However, some scholars argue that the relative importance of social causation and social selection varies by diagnosis [71]. Why is dealing with depression so difficult? Search strategies were applied to six databases (i.e., CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, EconLit, AMED, and Business Source Premier EBSCO) to generate a long list of candidate studies. Stimmungsschwankungen, Angstzustände, Kopfschmerzen und Depression sind oft die Folge. Treating Depression: What Are My Options? found that pension enrolment and pension income were significantly associated with a reduction in CESD scores among Chinese older adults, controlling for other socioeconomic factors and health status [43]. An understanding of the relationship between financial stress and depression would not only advance our understanding and knowledge of the economic risk factors of mood disorders but also provide policymakers with more understanding of additional public mental health benefits of intervention aimed at alleviating poverty and/or at improving people’s financial conditions. Introduction. Search results, after the removal of duplicates, were screened for relevance using the title and abstract information. Finanzielle Sorgen mit Depression? Sparer können jedoch Geld nur noch zu sehr geringen Zinsen anlegen oder begnügen sich gar mit Negativzinsen, wobei neben der Geldpolitik auch Faktoren wie Nachfrage und Angebot nach Kapital (z. Various versions of the CES-D were used in the reviewed studies: six studies used the full version, that is, the 20-item CES-D; 19 studies used the shortened version of the CES-D scale.
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